TV
Television: Industries and Audiences 4-11-22
L/O: To research the history, companies and regulators in the television industry
Terminology:
- Publicly Owned TV channel - TV companies used for the benefit of the public and not made for commercial purposes, providing information and entertainment
- Commercial TV Channel - TV channels owned by a private company with the I am to make profit with elements of informing but also a large emphasis on entertaining the public and making money through advertisements
- Convergence - the progressive merging of traditional broadcast and internet content, process of joining different technologies into one device e.g mobile phone.
- Watershed - the time when TV programmes which might be unsuitable for children can be broadcast. (9PM - 5:30AM UK)
- Segmented market - Market segmentation, also called customer segmentation, divides a broad target population into smaller groups or subsets with similar needs, interests, preferences, and characteristics.
- Mainstream - conventional newspapers, television and other news sources that most people know about and regard as reliable
- Self-regulating - A company who regulates them self without interference from people like IPSO or OFCOM
- Franchise - License from company of a product to use format/show/ideas
- Channel surfing - The act of switching between TV channels at a fast rate not watching the same thing for too long as you are either searching for one specific thing or something interesting
- PSB - Public Service Broadcasters, regulators demand channels fulfil certain requirements as part of their license to broadcast (BBC, ITV, STV, Channel 4, S4C and Channel 5. in England)
- TV license - any household watching or recording television transmissions at the same time they are being broadcast is required by law to hold a television licence, costs a fee
- Scheduling - Different set times for certain things being planned to happen like air on TV
- Conglomerate - a company that owns numerous companies involved in mass media enterprises
1)TV was introduced to the UK in November 1936
2) 3 channels in 1965, BBC1, BBC2, ITV
3)ITV started on the 22nd September 1955, was a commercial channel not public
4)he public service broadcasters are those providing Channel 3 services, Channel 4, Channel 5, S4C and the BBC. While all BBC public service television channels are PSB channels, only the main channels of each of the other public service broadcasters have this status.
5)Ofcom regulate TV in the UK - The Office of Communications
6)ITA and self regulators were sed in 1960s
7) There is a massive amount more channels now than in the 1960s, more commercial TV channels now than in the 1960s, Tv is more mainstream now and basically owned by everyone, colour, no channel surfing in the 1960s
Television Industries: Ownership and Regulation
L/O: To explore the ownership and regulation of BBC 1 and ITV
- BBC is main PSB in Uk - has a stricter REMIT to follow
- REMIT - an area of responsibility or authority
- TERRESTRIAL - broadcasts using equipment on the ground rather than satellite
- BBC is controlled by a board of 12-14 people
- BBC is regulated by OFCOM externally
- ROYAL CHARTER - granted by the monarch which guarantees independence and outlines duties and purposes, BBC is granted this and it must be renewed every 11 years
- As it is done by ROYAL CHARTER the BBC will have some bias towards the monarchy
- ETHOS - a set of ideas, attitudes and values associated with a particular instruction
BBC ETHOS - to inform, educate and entertain (outlined by Lord Reith in the PSB principles in 1925)
Public purposes (BBC charter)
- To provide impartial news and information to help people understand and engage with the world around them
- To support learning for people of all ages
- To show the most creative, highest quality and distinctive output and services
- To reflect, represent and serve the diverse communities of all of the United Kingdom’s nations and regions and, in doing so, support the creative economy across the United Kingdom
- To reflect the United Kingdom, its culture and values to the world
BBC's mission, vision and its values
Our mission is "to act in the public interest, serving all audiences through the provision of impartial, high-quality and distinctive output and services which inform, educate and entertain".
- CREATIVITY is the lifeblood of our organisation
- TRUST is the foundation of the BBC - we’re independent, impartial and truthful
- We RESPECT each other - we’re kind, and we champion inclusivity
- We are ACCOUNTABLE and deliver work of the highest quality
- We are ONE BBC - we collaborate, learn and grow together
License Fee
A standard TV licence is currently £159
- A TV licence is required if you:
- watch or record live TV programmes on any channel
- download or watch any BBC programmes on iPlayer - live, catch up or on demand
- This applies to any provider you use and any device, including a TV, desktop computer, laptop, mobile phone, tablet, games console, digital box or DVD/VHS recorder.
- The licence fee allows the BBC's UK services to remain free of advertisements and independent of shareholder and political interest.
The BBC is focussed on delivering value for all audiences. In a world of rapidly increasing choice the BBC continues to reach 90% of UK adults on average each week, rising to 97% over a month, and is the nation’s number one media brand
1) Frozen Planet 2 - BBC1
2) Panorama - BBC1
3)The Chase - ITV
4) BBC News at Ten - BBC1
5)Eastenders - BBC1
6)The Great British Bakeoff - Channel 4
7)Gogglebox - Channel 4
8)Strictly Come Dancing - BBC1
Commercial Channels
- ITV, Channel 4snd Channel 5, have a small PSB remit
- Can make money from subscription, pay per view, sponsorship, advertising, product placement
- ITV1, Channel 4 and Channel 5 are commercially funded
- Channel 4 has a different set of PSB requirements, aim to challenge mainstream ideas
- Channel 4 is publicly owned whilst ITV is commercially owned
- It is £250,000 for 30 seconds of advertisement during Britain's Got Talent
ITV
- ITV vision - "Our vision is to be 'more than TV' building upon iTV's unique and winning combination of creativity and commercial strength
- Part of the PSB remit for ITV is to:
- Broadcast items of national importance
- Produce a variety of programmes for a wide audience
- Produce accessible content
- ITV is a conglomerate
Was born for a more everyday audience as the BBC was seen us upper class and snobby- Provided more fun and playful shows for a slightly lower class audience
25-11-22
TV Audiences
L/O: To explore how audiences consume TV dramas and appeals
Can watch TV now from:
- Piracy online, PC,phone
- phone and Pc and consoles, streaming sites like ITV hub or All 4
- Live TV
- recordings on TV
- Replays/recordings of shows online or on TV later
- Clips on twiter/youtube
- Catchup TV
People still watch live TV for 2 main reasons:
Second Screening - screenings that encourage audiences to join discussions on various social media during a live TV show
Audience interactivity - viewers are encouraged to vote to determine the outcome of a show, increases engagement with the channel
Audience theory:
A passive audience - accepts and believes everything a media text tells them. They are easily influenced and don't question any messages conveyed.
An active audience - interacts with a media text and makes its own decisions about whether to accept and believe everything. They question messages and may interpret meanings differently.
Audiences are more active now than in the 1960s mainly because:
- Much more channel competition (channel surfing)
- Different platforms available
- second screening
- Interactivity possible
- Greater range of messages
Peak time viewing is 6pm - 10.30pm
Audience ratings are measured by the Broadcaster's Audience Research Board (BARB)
ITV has better ratings than BBC in the past week
Overseen by OFCOM, the watershed is 9pm and 5:30AM - content not suitable for 15 and below is shown at these times
The 60s
- Fashion - bright colours, mini skirts
- Beetles started
- JFK and MLK were assassinated
- Hippies
- Women working and being intelligent as becoming more known and recognised
- Hallucinogenic drugs
- Push for civil rights
- Mary Poppins released
- Beetles started
- Elvis Presley was popular among the music
- Swinger culture with new contraceptives
- England won the World cup
- Barbies invented
- Vietnam war
- Conservatives in power from 1960-1964 and Labour for the rest
- Moon landing
- Cold war
The 1960s 2-12-22
L/O: To research the social, historical, and political context of the avengers
- Concerns over the Cold War
- State of hostility against the Soviet Block and the western countries, mainly Nato
- Soviet Union formed a pact with 7 other communist countries
- Europe was divided into 2 armed sides
- Threat of nuclear war
- Both Soviet and US were building up armies and weapons
- Space race between the countries
- In 1962 Cuban missile crisis, nearly brought world to nuclear war
- Espionage
- Both sides used espionage as a way of finding out what the other side was doing and planting false information
- A number of double agents were found guilty of spying in the 60s and either defected or were imprisoned
Espionage was common in film and TV
The Avengers
- Series 4 had a $2million deal with ABC - broadcasted in America
- Shot on film
The 2 main characters in the show were named John Steed and Emma Peel. Emma appealed more towards the younger generation whilst John appealed to the older.
Town of No Return
- Starts man arriving on a beach n a bag
- Steed arrives at Peels house,have a fencing match
- Steed and Peel go on a train to a town called Little Blazeley
- Meet a man on the train there, go to an inn with him, he leaves and is chased by the villagers whilst they are in the inn
- Steed and Peel go on separate investigations, Emma in a school and Steed on a beach and around town
- Peel also speaks to Vicar who pulls a gun on her
- Steed saves Peel
- Discover an organisation is killing the townspeople and has replaced almost all of them with their own people in an attempt to seize the country
- They win and leave the town
The Avengers: The town of no Return 9-12-22
L/O: To explore the narrative, characters and appeal of series 4 episode 1
The characters:
- John Steed
- Emma Peel
- Landlord of inn - Piggy Warren
- Man on train -
- his brother - Tom Smallwood who was already replaced
- Vicar
- School inspector - Mr Brandon
- School headteacher - Mrs Manson
How episode shows cultural and social context of the mid 60s:
- Fashion - bowler hats, suit, tracksuit
- Theme of spies and espionage, popular ideas among the 60s
- Invasion - reflects the events such as the cold war which were happening at the time
Audience appeal:
- Emma Peel - name is a play on the word appeal as she was intended to appeal to a male audience
- Main characters are agents, ideas of espionage were popular at the time
- Upper class main characters, appealed to the main people who owned TV at the time
- Ideas of invasion - was current with the time
Audience appeal U&G
Personal Identity - The characters are mature but also have some comic relief scenes, appeals to the older primary audience as well as a slightly younger audience who would of enjoyed it more for the 'action.' Used the ideas of espionage and stopping invasion to help people identify the show with their views as those were popular ideas at the time. Emma Peel is portrayed as a strong women which could appeal to men as well as allowing women to relate to her as they were being put on the same equal standard as men. The upper class element of Emma Peel and John Steed would have people who identify with the ideas of the upper class. Identify with the idea of the English Gent
Information - information about what it was like to be upper class, information about the world of spies
Entertainment - Appeals to the themes of espionage and spies which were entertaining in the 60s, used action and entertaining conversations between characters with a mystery element to entertain the audience. The idea of an organisation invading slowly would of been interesting to the audience due to the cold war happening. Escapist plot, destress people as they lose themselves in the world of The Avengers. The humour , sophistication and action in the heroes situations were entertaining. Chemistry between Steed and Peel is entertaining to watch as it is semi flirtatious whilst also serious with elements of comedy.
Social Interaction - Cause conversation among family watching it as they could say their views on what happened and as the show was popular when they met up with friends they could talk about how they see the newest episode and their opinion on it. FOMO. Build a personal relationship with the characters.
Other Appeals
Genre - espionage, very popular idea at the time would of appealed to multiple audiences as it was portrayed as upper class, strong, capable people which used a mix of action, mystery and politics reflecting the real world
Camerawork and Editing - Camerawork focuses mainly on the 2 main characters with a large range of shots but a lot of wide hots with both characters in view. Close ups on Emma May appeal to a male audience.
Mise-en-scene - The clothing used is refined for the main 2 characters to reflect the upper class which would appeal to an upper/middle class audience, Metal bowler hat is unique. Props of guns is fittting of the rural setting.
Context
Major concerns at the time were:
Cold War
Threat of Nuclear War
Threat of foreign invasion
Espionage
Intertextual references
Fifth columnists - people who secretly support the enemy and undermine a country from with in, represented by the townspeople who had been replaced
Episode references WW2 films like Went the Day Well? from 1944. In both cases the English country village is an illusion as intruders are impersonating stereotypical British Characters - people like Piggy Warren
Reassuring the audience
The episode reassures the audience that even though threat existed, the enemy was not efficient enough to succeed. Characters such as John Steed and Emma Peel are shown as strong and confident even when faced with a threat, this makes it seem that although there is a threat, we will always win and overcome obstacles without much hassle. The episode referencing WW2 where Steed walks around the deserted airfield and doffs his hat to his reflection is a salute to all those involved in WW2 and reminds the audience that Britain triumphed. The Humour is used when he enemies' plan is explained, it is done in a joking manor like a school lesson as they don't see it as serious enough to warrant any proper serious manner. This helps to reassure the audience that we don't need to be overly serious for an invasion as it is never going to be successful. The enemies are represented as slightly exaggerated and not British which is clear in the uniform worn by the towns people which is based off of Russia's, this shows people how we are confident in the ability to beat an enemy even if it was seen as such a strong power. The exaggeration of the fights scenes make it melodramatic in a way which shows England as being able to win when they use their capabilities and strengths, this presents England as having people behind the scenes who are capable of protecting the nation from invasion. The commitment to duty of the characters shows them as dedicated to their role of protecting the country wit ha sense of humour and a heavy sense of duty with a fair amount of confidence in their actions which is reassuring for the country as it suggests that there is no threat worth taking seriously.
Context - The Avengers: The Town of No Return 6-1-22
L/O To analyse representation and influence of social and cultural context in series 4, episode 1
The stereotypical English seaside town is represented in episode 1 as small and out of date for the times. The characters all appear to know each other representing the community in a seaside town, has older professions such as a smithy and the clothes all feel like work clothes rather than casual. The people speak in a sort of accent reflecting seaside town stereotypes. The props seem older than what would be in the cities, reflecting how they are behind in terms of technological advancement.
In the first seen in the pub it begins with loud sounds of wind rustling the bushes, creating an ominous atmosphere. The camerawork uses wide shots as multiple characters can be seen talking reflecting the attitudes for social community in the 1960s. The clothing is formal and professional rather than casual. This reflects the refined attitudes of the people in the 60s.
Changing attitudes
A new breed of tough, intelligent women - Shown in the episode through Emma Peel, she is the main source of thought and explanation towards men. Breaking the norm of the male being the one to work out the events. She also is seen beating men in fights, having john steed cheat in order to beat her, this show her as not only smart but physically powerful.
Women as sex objects - Emma Peel is still used to appeal to a male audience, he name is play on the word appeal. She still needed to be saved by John Steed by the end as well which might be an attempt to show her as weaker.
13-1-23 Extract Analysis
L/O: To explore elements of media language and practice how to analyse an extract
Camerawork
Mise-en-scene
Editing
Sound
Television in the 2010s 27-1-23
L/O: To research the 2010s (UK) in terms of social, cultural and political climate of the decade; research TV usage in 2015
2015
- David Cameron was Prime Minister - Conservatives in power
- Fears of terrorism after 9/11,
- Jeremy Clarkson left Top Gear
- London Terrorist attacks, tubes and buses in recent years, Paris attacks 2015, left a fear after
- Iran nuclear deal
- Syrian and Afghanistan war
- UKIP gained popularity - people wanting immigrants gone and a push for the ideas behind Brexit
- Ideas of leaving the EU became more popular
- Growing distaste with countries in the EU
- Anti Austerity protests
- Korean nuclear capability
- Blackberry riots
- Donald Trump campaigning in America for Presidency
- Hate towards Islam due to Isis - more hate towards people from around those countries
- Equality act in 2010 - any discrimination was illegal
- Sexuality became more accepted
Differences in attitude between 2015 and 1965
- More people of non-white race in media
- More sexuality represented
- Sexuality other than heterosexual being accepted more
- More equality
- More divide in views - hate towards police and divide in opinions on the EU
- Afraid of terrorists not invasion
- Different drugs
- More TV channels
Cuffs
As part of the BBC remit it was expected to encourage competition for producing programmes, so many programmes are produced by independent companies
3-2-23
Cuffs: Series 1, Episode 1 17-3-23
L/O: To analyse the narratives and characters constructed in an opening episode
PIES
Personal identity - wide variety of characters from different ethnicity groups or sexuality, wide cast allows resonance with the audience , diverse cast, may see characters such as Ryan Draper and Donna Prager as role models. Might empathise with the style of job. Might enjoy seeing gay characters as key protagonists who are not defined b their sexuality. Explore and reinforce any values seen in show.
Information - Educational on current affairs with crimes and the police, what it is like to work in the police as well as crime in British cities, also hate crime, social realism, police world and criminal world
Entertainment - Shows action with the police, light humour, large array of narratives with an ensemble cast, reassured towards the police, tension
Social entertainment - Talk about the new episode, get the family to watch it together and talk about it. Parasocial relation with characters, may feel apart of the team. May build a personal relationship with a character. Discussing on social media.
Ensemble cast - large group of main characters
Genre - action, suspense and tension as well as Police
Setting - appeal of Brighton to people who have lived or been there
Cuffs and Social Contexts
- Far more gender equality
- Class structure still present but less prevalent
- Acceptance of sexualities
- less patriarchal society
Stronger roles for women reflect gender equality - PC Donna Roger, shown as the athletic one of her paring running doing the main hard work
A change in attitude towards masculinity. Different male roles presented in a positive light. - Men and women seem more equal, show some men as being less off the gritty hard work than the women, also show some as having mental health issues and being isolated, showing masculinity still has its problems. The character of Jake an openly gay officer is shown in a positive light.
Traditional 'masculine' and 'feminine' qualities no longer reserved for particular genders - mental health more present in men shown in Detective Felix and Nathan. The traditional idea of men being stronger and faster is broken by Donna and her partner.
PC Lino Moretti - Presented as a contrast to the traditional representation of masculinity. He is shown as being larger but slower and weaker than his female partner who is shown as faster and more efficient at work than him. This breaks the idea that men are on top and he is represented in a more equal manner.
PC Jake Vickers - resented as a traditional male but also respected as a gay man. Breaks the stereotype of gay men being presented as more feminine or consumed by their sexuality and is represented as a more genuine guy.
Jake Vickers - Rough, inexperienced, anti-stereotypical
Lino Moretti - comedic, neutral, somewhat stereotypical
Carl Hawkins - Sociable, normal, stereotypical
Felix Kane - timid, introverted, anti-stereotypical
31-3-23
Propp character theory
Hero - Jake Vickers
Villain - criminals
Donor - Cheif Vickers
Helper - Ryan Draper
Princess - Catching the criminal
Dispatcher - Jo Moffat
princess father - station officer
False hero - Jake Vickers
When Propp is applied to a TV drama series it usually changes depending on the context of the episode due to the nature of a larger cast which gets developed. The ensemble cast means whilst in one episode character A is the hero in the next it may be character B and there may not be an overarching villain. When applying prop to a film however the cast usually fits the roles more cleanly, having a clear one or two main characters with a clear end goal/villain at the end of it with recognisable attributes assigned to the people who fill the roles of Propp's theory.
Diverse cast, differences in ethnicity are accepted although racism was still prevalent but portrayed in a negative light.
Episode shows the negative attitudes towards the police by enforcing the problematic public opinion of them at the time. They present the police at first with the line "what is the point of you" this does however change throughout the episode as we see some people require the police whilst others dismiss them.
display
portray
Present
connote
indicates
imply
depict
represent
construct
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