Music Industry

 4-11-21     Music Magazines

L/O: To explore the magazine industry ownership, regulation and revenue

•  Conglomerate - a company that owns numerous companies involved in mass media enterprises
• Globalised - to develop or be developed so as to make international influence or operation possible 
•  Diversify - the process of a company or business expanding their market or audience by either producing a wider variety of products, expanding their reach etc. However for media companies, diversification may involve expanding themselves to different areas of the industry.
• Regulation - the allowance of what is and isn't suitable for standards set
• Revenue - income, especially when of an organisation and of a substantial nation
• Circulation - The public availability or knowledge of something, the amount distributed

Publishers 

• What's on TV - Future plc
• Radio Times - Hubert Burda Media (Immediate Media is a UK subsidiary)
• TV Choice -Bauer Media Group
• Take A Break - Bauer Media Group
• Good Housekeeping - Hearst Communications
• Glamour - Avance Publications (Conde Nast is UK subsidiary) 
• Inside Soap - Hearst Communications

Bauer Media Group own over 600 magazines.

Bauer Media Group publishes MOJO music magazine in the UK

MOJO was diversified by Bauer by having mojo4music.com online in order to reduce the risk of only operating in one media form.

Bauer Media Group own SME services, radios, websites TV channel.

Bauer Media Group is a diversified media conglomerate because it owns multiple smaller companies and publishes them.

The agencies which regulate magazines and newspapers are the IPSO (The Independent Press Standards Organisation) and IMPRESS (The Independent Monitor for the Press).

Bauer Media Group joined IPSO

Magazines receive revenue from circulation, advertising, sponsored content or product placement and events.

1)Bauer Media Group

2)IPSO

3)Owned and published by international companies

4)Bauer Media uses both online and offline methods for their departments of Media 

5)Advertising and circulation also events

  11-11-21                        Music Genres 

L/O: To identify and explain different music genres

• Rock
• Alternative rock
• Post rock
• Punk Rock
• punk
• Jazz
• hip hop
• electronic
• metal
• rap
• pop
• electronic jazz
• dubstep
• Christmas
• country
• Heavy metal
• Grunge 
• electronic rock
• emo
• comedy
• classical
• opera
• soul
• blues
• American
• Techno
• Drill
• New metal
• Folk
• Funk
• Synth
• K-pop
• J-pop
• Lo-Fi

Rock

In Rock the stars of the genre usually have black, light brown or blonde hair with a jacket, skinny jeans, usually don't have makeup on. Wear dark clothes, mainly black. Mainly men.

(Red Hot Chilli Peppers)

Usually have electric guitars, drums, bass and a lot of vocalist play another instrument alongside the rest of the band.

Big themes are things which are slightly distanced form the main views circulating public opinion. Things like the state of America in certain parts of American Idiot by Green Day are good examples. Also things about relationships.

Pop

In pop stars frequently wear bright clothes like a dress or custom made outfit. More women.

Big focus on vocals with more electronic sounds.

Sing about Love and relationships, sometimes themes of drugs or parties. 

Grunge

The usual clothing is jeans, a jacket and usually longish hair, down to shoulders or slightly longer. Looks casual.

(Nirvana)

The bands usually have drums, electric guitar, bass guitar and vocals.

In Grunge the themes are usually more personal with angst, fear, depression, anger and drugs are common themes.

• In Grunge the main audience is split between male and female with no side being substantially larger than the other.
• The main age is 15+ due to the deeper themes
• The working class was the main audience due to the reliability with the artists but now it is more working and middle class

• Rolling Stone, Kerrang and Classic Rock are magazines which feature grunge. 90s90s is a free online radio station which play grunge.
• 
  
• 
  Nirvana 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pkcJEvMcnEg

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hTWKbfoikeg

Alice In Chains  

Music Magazines                                                                                                           18-11-21

L/O: To explore the terminology and genres of popular music magazines

Typography

The art and technique of arranging type to make written language legible, readable and appealing

This is things such as font shape and size

Layout

The layout is the position of different pieces of text and images on a piece of media

Lexis

The total stock of words in a language

The level of language consisting of vocabulary, as opposed to grammar or syntax

-How something is worded and how the words are used

Colour Palette

The colours used on something, e.g a magazine could have black with red writing and accents of yellow

Mise-en-scene

The composition, production design, lighting, costume, hair and makeup, props, background

High key (bright) and low key lighting (darker)

Pop

Gerne conventions:

• High key lighting
• Typography -Block capitals, sans serif, large font
• Layout - Masthead in the top section, Main cover lines in the lower half
• Colour Palette - Pink, yellow, orange, black 
• Lexis - Hip and cool language

Rock

Genre Conventions:

• Colour palette - White, black, red, grey
• Shot type - Mid shot
• Contains a picture of the main featured artist
• High key lighting 
• Lexis - Informal, focuses on music
• Typography  -  Block capitals, sans-serif font, large
• layout - main image centred, masthead at the top, main cover line across the centre to lower half
• Mise-en-scene  - high key lighting on the main image, sometimes have an instrument, makeup is what the artists wear in normal performances 

Rap/Hiphop

• Colour Palette - Red, white, black
• Close up or mid shot of a artist staring into the camera
• Typography - Mostly All capitals and sans-serif font in grey, white or black
• Lexis - Informal
• Layout - Masthead at top, main cover line in the lowest section, cover lines around the sides
• Mise-en-scene - clothing is chains, jackets and either a hat or bare head, low key lighting, little hair

25-11-21                                                                                                 Genre and Target Audience

L/O: To identify target audiences for a variety of music magazine genres and link to genre codes

Things to identify a target audience

• Colour palette 
• Mise-en-scene
• Lexis - if the language is formal or informal
• Typography
• Gender, Age, Ethnicity of the artists

Things about the audience to be aware of 

• Age, gender (D)
• Country they reside in (D)
• Social standing (working or upper class) (D)
• Ethnicity (D)
• Music taste (P)
• Interests (P)
• Attitudes (P)

D - Demographics

P - Psychographics

Kerrang audience

The magazine is rock.

The vibrant but basic colours of white and red appeal to neither male or female audiences more than the other, both are fairly neutral as the audience is 59% male and 41% female.

The masthead and main cover line are done in sans-serif block capitals connoting it is representative of a fading genre and the target audience may be into a less modern style. 

The tagline of "Why rock needs to rage again" will resonate with the younger audience which is 69.5% aged between 15-24, the people have the ideas of rebelling against the normal, doing what they want

The cover lines suggest bringing rock back into being one of the biggest genres

Q Audience 

Tries to be the mainstream genres, e.g pop.

The bright colours appeal to the modern values of the audience.

The audience are people who live for music, going to all the new gigs and festivals, having artists of different genres featured to appeal to this desire to always know when the next events are happening.

The serif lower capitals is modern which is representative of the constant need an audience has to have the most modern, new products.

The empty cover could be representative of how the audience always wants to get straight to the point and be the first ones to something.

BBC music

The music genre is classical.

The colour palette of beige and light whites with black for text is simple and calming, partially posh as well which is targeted towards the highly educated, high income audience.

A 59% male to 41% female is a almost 50/50 split between both genders.

The age is 50% 15-34, 23% 35-54 and 27% 55+, groups of people who enjoy the higher standards in life, and more classical themes

2-12-21                           MOJO Magazine

L/O: To explore and define the magazines target audience

Background:

The most successful magazines have been at the quality end of the market.

These magazines use high quality photography, familiar conventions, and sophisticated media language, using high quality print on glossy paper.

Mojo is only semi-glossy and uses lighter weight paper which is cheaper to produce, it is still high quality which is why it has survived as a paid for print magazine. 

• MOJO is for music itself and talks about established or emerging musicians
• MOJO brings a 30+ page magazine of that months best music
• MOJO is the worlds largest UK magazine delivering high quality journalism and photography each month
• MOJO has high brand values and integrity - a music archive
• MOJO celebrates quality over popularity

Weekly magazines target a more working class, the highest working class readership are Take A Break, What's on TV, OK! and TV Choice.

Quality monthly magazines usually target a middle class audience, the highest paid for readership from these are the monthlies Good Housekeeping, Cosmopolitan, Vogue and BBC Good Food, and weekly Radio Times.

The most popular weekly and monthly magazines have predominantly female readerships. Magazines aimed at men have lower circulation. The most successful are Men's Health and BBC Top Gear.

MOJO in 2016-2017 had a circulation of about 68,000 and readership of 138,000

Audience is more niche

Class - equal share of middle and working class readers

Gender - Four times as likely to be read by men than women

Age - about 65% are over 35 but a higher proportion of 15-34 year olds (a smaller group) read it.

MOJO Audience

• Professional with high disposable income
• Music soundtracks his life
• Child of the 70's
• Admires the confrontational spirit of the punk era
• When young was into indie music and got into rock music
• Seeks out the best in modern music 
• Has children, shares interests with them in music
• 53% listen to music through vinyl
• Still value CDs 0% regularly listen to them
• 48% of MOJO readers use streaming services
• Heavy gig goers and also live music fans
• Like the festivals with a mix of old and new music
• Like MOJO as it shares their tastes and helps them find new music 

Personal Identity:

MOJO reinforces the idea to an audience that they still have suitable tastes in this modern day. MOJO can help find the new music which fits an audiences taste and will be able to help remind the audience that the older music is still viable in this day and age.

Information

MOJO shares new information on emerging artists which will be worth listening to and seeing their sound evolve whilst also taking a dive into things about tracks of decades gone.

Entertainment

MOJO provides entertainment in being the source of a growing archive of music artists and audience can take suggestions from and listen to. Also seeing information and interviews with the artist will be entertaining to the music lovers which are MOJO's audience.

Social Interaction

MOJO provides things for readers to talk about, sharing new music with people that was found through the magazine. People can also talk about their opinions on the newest issue of the magazine.

1)  Reading a magazine provides for a more active experience as it fills a more niche demographic, if you read a magazine unless you are in a waiting room you probably have a large interest in the contents.

2)  The audience will buy a magazine out of interest, it is an active process you choose to subscribe to a rock music magazine or you choose to subscribe to a rap magazine.

3) A young teenager who likes pop would probably not have a large interest in MOJO as it does not cover pop to the extent of a pop focused magazines.  

4) An older lover of classic rock would most likely enjoy MOJO magazine as it appeals partially to that demographic. 

 

Cover Analysis                                                                                                                            13-1-21

L/O: To analyse the cover of a magazine, linking it to genre and audience

Babyboomer generation - Baby boomers are the demographic cohort following the Silent Generation and preceding Generation X. The generation is generally defined as people born from 1946 to 1964, during the post–World War II baby boom.

Diversification - the process of a business enlarging or varying its range of products or field of operation.

Audience address - How the text speaks to the audience, and involves and influences them

Discerning - having or showing good judgement.

House style -The expression house style refers to the specific usage and editing conventions followed by writers and editors to ensure stylistic consistency in a particular publication or series of publications (newspapers, magazines, journals, websites, books).

Codes and conventions - Codes are the tools we use to create meaning and to construct and analyse media work. Conventions are repeated ways of constructing media works, using codes that, over time, have become accepted by audiences

Media Codes. 

Technical, written and symbolic tools used to construct or suggest meaning in media forms and products. Media codes include the use of camera, acting, setting, mise en scene, editing, lighting, sound, special effects, typography, colour, visual composition, text and graphics.

Intertextuality - the relationship between texts, referencing other texts

Main image - Mid shot of Dave Grohl looking into the camera

Star Vehicle - Dave Grohl is the main celebrity

Colour Palette - There is a blue background with a large focus on white and yellow text, red is used to stand out

Bands/artists mentioned -  Dave Grohl, Nirvana, Cat Stevens,  Ian Dury, Lou Reed and David Gilmour are all mentioned.

Masthead style - The masthead is behind the main image In bold white with the strapline inside.

Main cover line style - Largest cover line, all capital writing in white and yellow colour.

Minor cover line style - All sans serif capitals, mainly on the right side.

Puff - In the top right and in red colour.

USP - Free CD of Nirvana 

Placement of text - on the right in the lower half and around the main image on the top half.

The main cover lines, Grohl, Nirvana, saved, Reading '92, use lexis. Grohl is the surname of the star vehicle Dave Grohl, Nirvana is Dave Grohl's former band which will be widely known in the target audience due to their influence on grunge. The use of saving connotes the ideas of drama and improvement, this can appeal as it gives insight on an artists personal life. The typography used is soft curved sans serif font with yellow and red colouring, standing out from the white used on the other cover lines, this also has a fresher more modern look. 

 

The USP is a free CD. The CD is an intertextual reference to Nirvana's hit song Smells like Teen Spirit, this is clear by having Teen Spirit clear on the cover. 

DIRT                                                                                                                                    20-1-21

L/O: To reflect and improve on exam style analysis

MOJO AUDIENCE: Excellent notes & understanding of U&G COVER ANALYSIS 1: WWW: A great start. You've attempted to link the cover elements to the audience. EBI: You need to state exactly WHY these elements appeal to the specific TA. Try linking to genre conventions and Uses & Gratifications too. - comment

The main cover lines, Grohl, Nirvana, saved, Reading '92, use lexis. Grohl is the surname of the star vehicle Dave Grohl, Nirvana is Dave Grohl's former band which will be widely known in the target audience due to their influence on grunge. This gives insight onto who the target demographic is, being primarily older males, early 20s to 40s, and still listening to older rock/grunge bands from the 90s.   The use of saving connotes the ideas of drama and improvement, this can appeal as it gives insight on an artists personal life, feeding into a fragment of the target audience's desire for information and interest in how others live (U&G). The typography used is soft curved sans serif font with yellow and red colouring, standing out from the white used on the other cover lines, this also has a fresher more modern look connoting how MOJO provides information on older artists but still provides fresh and new artists. 

 

The USP is a free CD. The CD is an intertextual reference to Nirvana's hit song Smells like Teen Spirit, this is clear by having Teen Spirit clear on the cover. This holds appeal to the older male audience who will have elements of nostalgia for the 90s. The colour palette follows genre conventions of a rock magazine of having red and white but breaks convention with more fresh colours like blue and yellow

Cover analysis

L/O: To refine analysis of magazine covers

1) Cluttered

2) Suggests there is a large amount of information inside, also suggests a more fun sense appealing to a younger teenage audience.

3)Saturated

4) More aimed at a younger female demographic, is a pop magazine so it follows pop music genre conventions.

1) Ordered

2) It is aimed at people with more refined niche music taste, the simplicity suggests the magazine gets to the point appealing to the older more sophisticated target audience of classical enjoyers.

3)Muted

4) The more plain colour connotes a calmer feel, appealing to the target audience who want a more serious tone from a magzine.

1) Sans serif

2)The font connotes a more modern look with a simple and clean style appealing to a target audience of more mature music lovers. Has a more masculine tone.

3)Serif in standard with lowercase outside of the first letter which is capital due to it being a name. The colour is red.

4)The font (script) and colour connotes more modern ideas with colours being less professional but more informal, this has appeal to the target audience because of a desire to find new music. It suggests individuality and creativity from the way it is different from all other cover lines.

The bold block capitals of the cover lines links to the masculine audience.  

Representation                                                                                                                           3-2-21

L/O: To explore the concept of representation in music magazines

Stereotypes

Teenagers - Lazy, rebellious, have fair amount of attitude, dislike of change, on internet a lot, irresponsible, untidy

Men - Hard workers, businessmen,  athletic, strong emotionally and physically, tall

Americans - Obese, patriotic, not as smart as other countries, 

Lesbians - short hair, bright dyed hair, either extremely feminine or more masculine looking, 

 

The expression made is serious and awkward connoting ideas of mystery and stereotypical masculinity.

The hair and clothes are casual with little formality or effort having a simple black shirt and unattended hair, this has connotations about being roughed up or caring less possibly reinforcing male stereotypes

The guitar has connotations of rebellion and causality in the way it is held and a enjoyment for music

The Tattoos connote creative ideas and individuality

Text - Connotes femininity and in colour shows calm and pure nature

Expression and pose - Looking into the camera connotes femininity and flirting/playful nature

Setting - connotes calm and tranquil mind and possibly adventurous nature

Hair and clothes - White connotes purity and innocence, styled in a more feminine way 

 Expression and pose - connotations of masculinity showing of the arms and having a serious look connoting formality

Jewellery - necklace connotes religion and respect for god, also shows how he has money

Hair and clothes - the hair being under a black hat and the black+white clothes and bullet vest have connotations of masculinity and relations to the streets

Text - connotations of masculinity 

Setting - connotations of a more serious possible gangster life 

Tattoos - has connotations of masculinity and individuality, also show rebellious nature 

 

Humorous, Passionate, unique, Serious, energetic  

Representation                                                                                                                            10-2-22

L/O: To analyse representations used in music magazines 

In the MOJO cover religion is represented from the main image of Madonna having a cross dangling from the chain on her nose piercing. This connotes the themes of how people see music artists or celebrities in general being higher than themselves. This is further supported from the fact Madonna is looking down towards the camera rather than away or straight on. MOJO does this to connote how hardcore music fans appreciate it enough to see the artists as higher beings. This can also be influenced by how in real life celebrity culture is dominant and people put celebrities on a pedestal looking up to them.

Madonna also breaks stereotypes of music artists predominantly being men, representing how some of the most popular artists are women. This representation of women is partially broken though as the majority of the cover lines are male artists.  The cover lines used have connotations of how the music artist life is not great and represent the dark truth behind artist, they aren't all from high backgrounds and they aren't all living happily. "From street punk to pop majesty," "heartache and heroin," and "kill rock stars again," are examples of the representations of the music life not being all great.

There is also the use of low-key lighting alongside a primarily black and white cover which adds to the themes of music artists being in darker lives, it could also represent the age of the artist as a younger photo of Madonna is used.  

Exam Prep                                                                                                                                 3-3-22      

L/O: To explore the possible exam tasks for music magazines 

                                                                                                              

                                                                                                                                  

                           

5 mark question practice

In the MOJO magazine cover Madonna is featured subverting and reinforcing stereotypes. The main music artist on the MOJO cover is Madonna which subverts the stereotype of men being the big artists in the music industry. This represents how there is large female music artists. MOJO also follow stereotypes of female music artists, this is done through having the facial expression of Madonna look partly seductive and dominant, looking down on those around them, this would be done for the 'male gaze' of MOJO's primary target audience. The colour palette can also help subvert the stereotype of music artists living 'happy bright lives' as it uses a black and white tone making the main colour grey, this helps subvert expectations for a cover therefore breaking the stereotype. The colour palette also breaks stereotypes by using blue for the main cover line, blue is typically a masculine colour but has been used for a female artist.

10 minutes

Some differences in both extracts are due to the different genres but also from how they are both aimed at different target audiences. 

In MOJO the genre is classic rock  and this is shown with the colour palette,  fitting how rock music traditionally has darker tone. The black/white filter makes the lighting low-key and the text being in blue, red and black adds to this theme of the genre. The red/black connotes how rock is mainly masculine and the typography backs this up having a sans-serif font with block capitals, this is only broken on the main cover line which is "mADOnnA" in blue, serif, non block capital font. This has representations of how rock genre is primarily masculine.

In the 'music' cover a brighter colour palette is used but it feels muted in how there is primarily white. The font being in red for the main cover line and masthead makes it stand out and gives the cover a more formal look having little take away from the main image of the artist. This fits the genre conventions of classical music magazines, being more formal and sophisticated with less standing out. The lexis used is formal which backs up classical music being more formal and educated.

The MOJO cover appeals for its target audience by using its main image. The main image of Madonna has masculine connotations appealing to the target audience of hardcore music fans which are in their adulthood and male. This is done through breaking the stereotypes of female artists wearing dresses and being a 'pop princess' and instead wearing what appears as a school uniform which has more masculine connotations. In MOJO the primary artists are male so having a female artist means they still need to keep their appeal to their target audience of rock music, this is done by making Madonna seem more masculine because most rock artists are male.

The target audience for the 'music' magazine is more educated and sophisticated individuals. 

NOT FINISHED (20 mins)  

Music Videos                                                                                                                          17-3-22

L/O: To explore this section of the unit and research case studies

Avril Lavigne  Sk8er Boi and Wheatus Teenage Dirtbag

Music video research

Sk8ter Boi:

genre pop-punk pop

Release date UK 27th of August 2002

song is about a skater boy who was turned down by the girl he liked but then started playing music

In the video they Go round city being 'punk' before going and playing a live show 

Avril Lavigne features

https://g.co/kgs/vhAqo2

Teenage Dirtbag:

genre alternative/indie 

release date 20th of June 2000

guy liking the popular girl who wants to take her to see iron maiden but she goes out with the popular guy

In the video the singer sings the song on stages whilst the girl he wants to go out is talking to another guy

https://g.co/kgs/FHcq9T

The purpose of Avril Lavigne Sk8ter Boi is to represent the skater and pop punk aesthetic, being Avril Lavignes first song the music video having a unique style made it go mainstream. 

Teenage Dirtbag s based on an actual story and sends a message of defiance. 

Sk8ter Boi's narrative mainly just shows 'punks' skating or doing bike tricks, this changes when Avril Lavigne takes instruments into the city and plays music on a car to an audience.

Teenage dirtbags narrative is of the main singer wanting to date the popular girl everyone else wants, switches between the band and the story in shots. The main character gets dragged down and ignored having things thrown at him. A prom starts with the mc thinking the girl is asking him to go to iron maiden but in reality the mc wakes up on some stairs most likely after being black out drunk. 

Lip syncing:

Live performance:

Main focus on artist or band:

preform to cameras:

Narrative - tells a story

Filmed like a movie:

Story matches lyrics:

"Tickets to Iron Maiden"

 

24-3-22

L/O: To examine the use of media language in music videos

Mise-en-scene Sk8ter Boi

Costumes hair and makeup - skater clothes, baggy trousers, punk bracelets, baggy shirts, baseball caps

Props - skateboards, bikes, flyers, drums, guitar, microphones, cars, helicopter

setting - City rooftops, city, inside a car, street

Lighting and colour - darker colours with low-key lighting but is all visible

Performance - on cars in a street with the instruments

These connote the ideas of rebellion and a slight punk aesthetic, there is a big skater theme with the matching skateboards and such to the lyrics. The setting has connotations of society

Mise-en-scene Teenage Dirtbag

Costumes - American highschool clothes, similar to old highschool films

props - Microphones, guitar, drums, tickets

setting - high school

Lighting and colour - starts high key and goes to low key

Performance - In the school hall and then on stage 

Avril Lavigne and her friends are dressed up like skaters and punks. This is achieved by using baggy trousers/shirts and accessories like hats and spiked bracelets.  

31-3-22

The video of Sk8ter Boi uses Mise-en-scene to connote the themes of the song. The use of skater clothes with studded bracelets connote and idea of rebellion and being 'against the establishment' and the lack of feminine clothes used by Avril Lavigne can reinforce the idea of going against society standard. The low-key lighting brings the music video closer to the punk genre and can further reinforce connotations of being rebellious. The skater clothes and lighting can also be to associate with the genre of American teenage rock which has themes of rebellion and 'doing what you want.' The props used like the grafitti cans or skateboards link the music video to the song with how both use heavy themes of skaters. There is also use of an electric guitar which has connotations of rock music which as a genre is commonly associated with going against society. The setting of a gritty, run down city connotes the ideas of rebellion further and the idea that these people are not elaborate but rather more 'underground'.

The main standout parts of Mise-en-scene used in Sk8ter Boi are the clothing and lighting. The clothing used reflects the song being skater style clothes and the darker colour palette chosen for them reinforces the tone of the song which is that of pop-punk and teenage rock. This draws attention to Avril Lavigne as her clothing choice breaks the norm being more masculine and wearing a tie over her t-shirt. 

The lighting used links into the themes of rebellion being dim and low-key.

Avril Lavigne and her friends are dressed like skaters. This is achieved by using studded bracelets, baggy trousers, and t-shirts without jackets or coats on.  This could suggest to the audience that the music is for skaters and gives off themes of rebellion. 

In Avril Lavigne's music video, it is set in a gritty, run down city. We know this as we are shown shots of the city streets and interior of city buildings. In my opinion the video is set here because it is associated with government and the themes of the music can be seen as anti establishment. 

Teenage Dirtbag

Using the 2 main actors from American Pie can be seen as an intertextual reference but links into the target audience with the similar themes. Matches with the ideas of American Teen Rock.

Traditional American High school Jock, showing popularity and social status. 

Connotes ideas of the character being popular, athletic, and possibly a bully or someone who only cares about himself

Done to show how the main character is seen as inferior in this school setting, there is a 'chad' jock which is way more popular than him

The music videos for Avril Lavigne's Sk8ter Boi and Wheatus' Teenage Dirtbag use setting and costume to achieve similar effects. 

For example in SK8ter Boi the setting is an urban city which has a gritty rundown element, and with the characters skater clothing and untraditional style it makes the the themes of rebellion and going against the establishment clear. In Teenage Dirtbag the music video uses a high school setting with american school clothing sportswear, having the main character not wear this can connote the themes of going against the society standard. This is done to bring attention to the smaller youth groups, thrown out of society due to being different. 

These are used effectively because they both go against the society standard, Wheatus does it with having one character go against it whilst Avril Lavigne has the whole music video go against society expectations. This makes sense from how Teenage Dirtbag is about a single person trying to get love whilst Sk8ter Boi is about how someone was thrown out by people for being a skater. The costumes both show different youth groups, some with similar themes.

L/O: To explore how camerawork is used to create meaning in music videos

SAM - Shot, Angle, Movement 

28-4-22                            Camerawork

L/O: To explore how camerawork is used to create meaning in music videos

Sk8ter Boi - Naturalistic

Teenage Dirtbag - Naturalistic 

  

Shot 2 - POV , used to show Avril Lavigne through a camera when preforming which implies she is famous and being recorded , used here to bring attention to Avril Lavigne and her importance in the music video as well as song

Shot 3 -Long shot, used to bring attention to the car and plot of the video, used here to show the importance of Avril Lavigne and how even though she is a music artists she still drives an old car which has implications of a rebellion or punk theme

Angle 1 - High angle shot, used to show the audience of Avril Lavigne and her preforming, used here to show her performing and importance 

Angle 2 - Low angle shot, used to show the jocks of the school and shows how they look down on people and are looked up to , used here to show the main completion to the 'teenage dirtbag'

Angle 3 - Dutch angle, puts emphasis on Avril Lavigne's singing, used here to show her singing

1) Dolly

2)Pedestal

3) Track

4) Pan

5)Tilt

6) Roll

Sk8ter Boi shots, angles and movements

Close up - used when Avril Lavigne is preforming

Long shot (wide angle shot) - Used near the start establishing Avril Lavigne and her friends

Dutch angle - Used when Avril Lavigne is singig

Low angle shot - used to show Avril Lavigne and her friends travelling 

Pan shot - Used at the start panning away from the spray paint onto the artist in his room

Dolly - Used to follow 2 people on a bike near the start when they are throwing flyers into the air

Roll - use when Avril Lavigne is smashing the guitar

Track - used on Avril Lavigne and her friends when they are going to the car

The camerawork in sk8ter Boi is fast paced, snappy, varying, chaotic 

Most camerawork is naturalistic in Sk8ter Boi. For example at one point in the video when Avril Lavigne is in the car the camera is shaky implying its handheld. The naturalistic camerawork its the tone of the song as it goes against the norm for a high quality production and makes it feel more casual.  

 

5-5-22

L/O: To explore how sound and editing are used to create meaning in music videos 

Diegetic - people in the world of the text can hear these sounds 

Non-Diegetic - Only the audience can hear these sounds

Sk8ter Boi:

• Starts with diegetic sound - background noise of a road and spray paint cans hitting the floor, someone sliding down a rope. Done to establish the setting of the video 
• song transitions into being diegetic as well as non diegetic - being preformed with the same instruments used for the actual song
• Diegetic at the end - sirens, breaking a windscreen with a guitar, helicopter flying above, wind

Teenage Dirtbag:

• Starts Diegetic - seeing band playing guitar 
• Starts with diegetic sound outside of the music - car hitting a bike, shows the power dynamic between the main character and the jock 
• Looks diegetic - preforming in a hall and the hallways
• Looks diegetic - girl telling the character she has 2 tickets to Iron Maiden 

Linear editing:

Events are edited/presented in chronological order

(beginning - middle - end)

More traditional/cinematic

Non-Linear editing:

Out-of-order editing. N o clear distinction of time. 

Events are cut up and rearranged. 

(beginning - middle - end is unclear)

More abstract/expressionistic 

Sk8ter Boi and Teenage Dirtbag are linear

Sk8ter Boi follows a narrative of Avril Lavigne and her friends. The events are done in chronological order showing them drive to the performance.

Teenage Dirtbag uses a narrative stating with the main character in the hallways and developing to prom, edited so it is in chronological order.

sk8ter Boi has a faster pace with more cuts, is also a faster song.

• Sk8ter Boi uses a faster pace with more cuts in editing when compared to the slower pacing of Teenage Dirtbag
• SK8ter Boi uses a setting in an urban city whilst Teenage Dirtbag uses a traditional American school
• Narrative focuses on Avril Lavigne in SK8ter Boi whilst it focuses on a main character in teenage dirtbag 

12-5-22

Explain one way in which music videos use media language to differ from each other. 

Refer to one example of contrasting media language in two music videos you have studied to support your answer. [4]

• Skater Boi is shot with long shots and close ups focusing on Avril Lavigne
• Teenage dirtbag is shot using long shots focusing on more than just the singers and uses low angle shots to show status of characters
• SK8ter Boi has diegetic sound with the city background noise, spray cans and the helicopter near the end
• Teenage Dirtbag mainly uses non-diegetic sound with only a few small instances like the car at the start being diegetic
• Skater Boi is edited to be more desaturated than the Teenage Dirtbag video
• Mise-en-scene SK8ter Boi uses more rebellious fashion 

In music videos media language is used differently from other music videos to create a sense of a unique style and to differentiate different music videos. Avril Lavigne's SK8ter Boi is edited to be ore desaturated and faster pace with quicker cuts on shots. This is done to fit the pace of the song which is faster and creates a unique atmosphere for the video which helps reinforce the themes of rebellion in song. In Teenage Dirtbag the editing uses less cuts and it is slower pace being edited to be more desaturated. . This creates a different image from SK8ter Boi as the video is slower paced and less bright making it easy to differentiate both music videos.

Representation

L/O: To explore how representations are constructed in music videos 

19-5-22

In media there is a large amount of music videos from both male and female artists which include sexual objectification of women who wear a little amount of clothes. Cat women, black widow both in films are objectified.

Sexual objectification is more common to be done to women

More men in charge 

Sk8ter Boi

• Graffiti connotes it being set in a run down area
• Technology was popular in 2000s and relatable to the younger audience 
• Appealed to teenagers who would have found it relatable
• Has an exciting feel which adds to rebellion with people running around and breaking rules
• Avril Lavigne is showed to be energetic and wears casual clothes breaking female stereotypes 
• Makes Avril Lavigne seem more like a punk and more unique
• Skinny Tie was fashionable
• Shows rule breaking appealing to the audience who wish they could of been like Avril Lavigne
• Urban sports shown like biking and skating appealing to the teenage skater audience
• Crowd shows she is poplar and successful
• Aggressive facial expressions represent Avril Lavigne as confident and aggressive   
• Guitar smashing appealing tot he punk rock audience 
• Heteronormative 

Teenage Dirtbag

• uses 2 big actors from teenage films
• Band is seen in a school hall and is identified as the stars of the video
• Character has his bike destroyed and is easily identified as the geek/nerd type
• The fact he does not confront the girl shows his lack in confidence
• Surreal shots of the band using fruit as instruments making them seem quirky and less serious
• Alienated character is relatable to the younger audience who feel like they don't fit in
• See character being bullied and mocked whilst walking through school
• Low angle shot shows the power of the popular jocks
• The jocks are emphasised to be idolised by the people around them
• character is knocked to the floor showing his weakness and loneliness
• Intertextual references to Iron Maiden 
• High angles of the character whilst he has things being thrown at him show the weakness of the characters and strength of jocks
• The girl looking away in disgust shows her as likeable
• Character wears a ruffled tuxedo which is unfashionable showing he does not fit in 
• he lyrics show relatable ideas to young teenage boys and how they feel towards girls
• Ambiguous ending for interpretation 
• Heteronormative  

 

26-5-22

L/O: To explain the construction of representation in music videos 

Sk8ter Boi challenges this theory of patriarchy on women. Avril Lavigne is shown as being more spectacular without being sexualised which goes against the theory. The men in SK8ter Boi reinforce the theory by being outgoing and heroic, being rebellious with bikes or spray paint.

In Teenage Dirtbag the theory is supported, the women is shown as a sexual desire for men in the music video. She is objectified as a trophy for the character to go out with. The main man challenges this theory by being shown as weak and unheroic, the jocks support the theory.

In music videos stereotypes are used to portray the characters and how they fit into society. 

In Sk8ter Boi the stereotypes of women are broken by Avril Lavigne, Avril Lavigne is shown as the spectacle people look up to and admire. Avril Lavigne doing this connotes the themes of rebellion held in the songs lyrics and presented early by the men i the music video. This rebellious Avril Lavigne goes against the traditional stereotype of men being the heroic ones whilst women are just the object for them to win, the video shows us Avril Lavigne being strong and independent to counter this.

The music video for Avril Lavigne's SK8ter Boi uses the stereotypes put onto teenagers and reinforces them to portray its message. In the video we see the representation of the men be depicted as rebellious and being anti establishment, a common idea placed onto the generalisation of teenagers. This is used to help raise up the the messages of the video in how they are rebellious and going against what is seen as societal norm. 

In the music video for Teenage Dirtbag we see stereotypes of women being used to fit the themes of traditional high school life. The video contains female character who is the object of the main mans carnal desire and objectified as a 'prize' for him to win. This shown explicitly near the end when he is shown wanting the girl in the disco as if she is some reward. This objectification is not inherently sexual but the connotations are, and according to Van Zoonen's theory that women are usually portrayed in media to follow stereotypes, Teenage Dirtbag supports this theory. 

The main character in Teenage Dirtbags video subverts stereotypes to tell an underdog story about the weaker male. It breaks Van Zoonen's theory of men being shown as heroic and this breakage is representative of how society perceives teenage boys and how in actuality that is not how it truly is.

29-3-22                                 Live Lounge

L/O: To research the case study and artists involved

Holly Humberstone

• From Grantham, England, youngest of 4 sisters, parents were doctors but encouraged art
• 22 years old 
• Genre alternative/indie

• High ratings 4-5 stars, 86 on metacritic  
• Awards - Brit Award for rising star, NME award for best mixtape  

 

26-4-22                         Radio industry and audiences

L/O: To explore the industry and audience behind the Live Lounge

Public Service Broadcasting

Benefits the public not for profit, doesn't serve commercial interests 

OFCOM requires  that certain TV and radio broadcasters fulfil requirements in order to broadcast

All off BBC's TV and radio stations have a public service remit, including those that broadcast digitally 

1) 10, BBC radio 1- aimed at youth focusing on popular music, BBC 5 - focuses on sport

2) 40

3) License paid by UK households

4) Commercial Radio stations

5) PirateFM, Heart, 

• The Radio one audience is clearly addressed by presenters that are close to the age of main listeners demographic 15-29
• Radio  2 has a demographic of 35+, the music playlist and age of presenters represents this - many ex-radio 1 1 presenters who were on that station when Radio 2 audience were teenagers now present shows on Radio 2 
• BBC Radio 4 has an average demographic of 54, and the tone of the station reflects this not only in the content, but also in public perception of being worthy and serious and the use of clear diction and formal language
• The BBC demonstrates how a single broadcaster can have a range of brand identities and demographics

Radio one website

Use  a bright, clean colour palette with orange and white with black on the BBC 

Presenters aged primarily 20s 

Focus changes during the times of the day

The Website uses a white colour palette further down keeping it simple and appealing to the younger demographic 

Political context

PSB and license fee debate

There is a political debate as to whether Radio 1 should be covered by license fees as political decision makers don't believe mainstream popular music is important - it is not seen as educating or informing

• Radio 1 is more appealing to younger listeners which fitted requirements to cater for all and reflect diversity
• Radio 1 target younger audiences and does not hold appeal to an older audience
• The live lounge offers PSB as it offers live performance 

Media Convergence is a term that can refer to the merging of previously distinct media forms due to digitisation and computer networking. 

Radio industry is regulated by OFCOM, who also cover the TV industry

OFCOM examine complaints made against radio stations, to determine if the broadcasting code has been breached

OFCOM exists to ensure broadcasting code is being upheld

Protection of Under 18s

Material that might seriously impair the physical, mental or moral development of people under 18 must not be broadcast

In the provision of services, broadcasters must take all reasonable steps to protect people under 28 

Children must also be protected to form an appropriate scheduling ensuring that they are not privy to material that is unsuitable 

 

10-5-22                        Live lounge appeal and format

L/O: TO explore the format of the show and its appeals

Being hosted on 2 channels means it is more cost efficient for the BBC as they are getting high end artists with good equipment. They spend less if it goes onto 2 separate stations which also allows it to reach more people who can go back and watch it digitally. The artist gain more recognition as a wider audience is reached and people are more likely to listen to their music if it is live. This allows more people to see the BBC's live lounge and as it is both analogue and digital they gain more from one showing. 

Ricky, Melvin and Charlie

Mainly from London, Charlie hosted a radio show at kiss for 10 years with Rickie and Melvin

Debuted on BBC in April 2019.

Won gold award for breakfast show of the year

Personal identity - Music could resonate with someone, presenters reflect the audience

Information - interview gives info about the artist and personal information which may not be known

Entertainment - get to see artists preform live and listen to music, hear a cover the artist hasn't done before

Social interaction - tell people about the live lounge if you thought it was good, talk about new artists, can share the videos 

Links to other Parts of BBC and other shows.

24-5-22

L/O: To understand exam style questions and practice exam technique

The live lounge appeals to the target audience through interviewing the artist they have as guests. A younger target audience finds appeal in discovering the personal life of celebrities and artist. The age of the presenters also holds appeal as they are within the 15-29 age bracket, providing a relatable aspect to the younger audience. The BBC remit is met through providing the 15-29 year old audience with new, popular music from younger artists. They support new artists having vocalist on the show who have never sung live before and also provide a live performance which engages the audience. 

The Live Lounge provides a range of new music providing the audience with mainstream artists who step outside of their usual genre, like Stormzy covering a Beyonce song. Most artists are from the UK, Stormzy and Holly as example are both UK artists, meeting the remit of supporting UK artists. 

The Exam

Questions 1, 2 and 3 could be on radio

Question 1

1 mark question

could ask:

• Who regulates radio in the UK? - OFCOM
• Who owns Radio 1 - BBC 
• What is public service broadcasting? - Broadcasting which benefits the public 
• What is the term meaning the merging of previously separate media forms in one entity? - Convergence

Question 2

4 - marks

Example:

Explain one advantage for audiences of each of the following:

• listening to live radio
• accessing radio content online

Explain a single advantage - state the advantage and why it is advantageous

Can talk about how being live makes it up to date on what is happening in the current present, the audience can partake and feel included with the radio. Can listen to the radio for free on the go.

Online radio can be listened to wherever you are via phone, can skip parts you dislike which you cannot do on live radio. More available options for the audience to choose from allowing more people to enjoy the radio. 

Listening to live radio provides the audience with constant updates on what is happening in the present creating more engagement and allowing appeal to a wider range of audiences who may want to hear the news. Radio content online is advantageous as it provides the audience with accessibility from wherever and the ability to skip parts which the audience has no interest in, keeping them engaged longer and expanding the audience.

Question 3

10 mark question 

Example:

Explain how and why producers of radio programmes target different audiences. Refer to the radio 1 live lounge to support your answers.

Producers target different methods using various methods. BBC Radio 1 , public service broadcaster, Live Lounge targets a younger audience by using younger presenters, this creates a sense of relatability for the audience as they use more informal and hip words like 'sick.' This relatability holds appeal to the younger  target audience and is done to follow the remit in which they are said to appeal to 15-29 year olds. 

In commercial radio the producers target different audiences through their music choice. They try to engage all audiences as that allows them to make more money through adverts, this is done through the music choice. They take song recommendations allowing both the new and popular and the old classics to be played, appealing to both a young and old audience.

The producers for radio 1 target a younger audience by providing new and upcoming artists a chance to be recognised. Younger people are interested in new music and  BBC provides this in the Live Lounge, Holly Humberstone was a fairly new artist before she went onto the live lounge. This support of new artists is used by the producers to meet the requirements of the remit, which states that they will support new and upcoming artists. 

28-6-22

DIRT End of Year Assessment

1) OFCOM regulate radio and TV

BBFC regulate film

ASA regulate advertising 

IPSO and IMPRESS regulate Magazines and newspaper

Video Standards council regulate video games

2)Could have talked about camerawork, Mise-en-scene, editing, narrative

Editing:

sk8ter boy edits using a faster pace having quick cuts between the setting and Avril Lavigne making it more chaotic

Teenage Dirtbag is slower paced editing with slower cuts and slowed pans in order ot give it a more casual feel and focus on the characters

3) How commercial target both younger and older audiences to engage more people, talk about public and commercial radio and how/why they target different audiences due to appealing to remit or making money

4)  Should analyse the musician rather than whole cover and focus on the musician on the cover rather than generalise, fact he is living dangerously

5) State if media language is used differently between both and if its due to the genre and argue why 

Into to answer how far you agree, conclusion to end how far you agree

Talk about lexis, colour palette, layout

6) BBBFC

7)Synergy, explain what happens and the benefits

8)Pies

Personal identity, information, entertainment, social interaction 

9)Family audience - parents, young children and teenagers

talk about how they target each individually  

In the Lego Movie advertising campaign multiple audiences were targeted. The poster campaign targeted younger children, it uses a bright colour palette with primary colours appealing to children as they like bright and vibrant colours. The characters shown have wide expressions, Emmet is shown as scared implying childish comedy.